---
title: These stories have been translated direct from the Russian of Afanáš… — Russian Folk-Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: These stories have been translated direct from the Russian of Afanášev; the selection is intended to represent, as completely as possible, the varieties of Russian folk-tale. A sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 1, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every 
---

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# Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 1, sentence 80

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These stories have been translated direct from the Russian of Afanášev; the selection is intended to represent, as completely as possible, the varieties of Russian folk-tale.

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**What happens:** translate, intend, represent · **To what, where:** stories, Russian, selection

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This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg62509:1:81
# text = These stories have been translated direct from the Russian of Afanášev; the selection is intended to represent, as completely as possible, the varieties of Russian folk-tale.
1	These	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	translated	translate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	direct	direct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Russian	Russian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Afanášev	Afanášev	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	selection	selection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj:pass	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	intended	intend	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	represent	represent	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
20	as	as	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	completely	completely	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
22	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
23	possible	possible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	varieties	variety	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
28	Russian	Russian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
29	folk	folk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	tale	tale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **translate** | present · perfect · passive |  | this stories |  | the Russian of Afanášev |  | direct *property* | vn turn-26.6.1 «NP V NP.patient PP.material PP.result»: subject=Patient from russian=Initial\_State |
| 2 | **intend** | present · passive |  | the selection |  |  |  | Russian folk tale *obl*; completely *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **represent** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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