---
title: The gloaming came, and the black horseman reached by: and it at once… — Russian Folk-Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: The gloaming came, and the black horseman reached by: and it at once became dark, but the eyes in the skulls glowed. Who acts: gloaming, black horseman, eyes. A sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 14, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 14, sentence 138

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The gloaming came, and the black horseman reached by: and it at once became dark, but the eyes in the skulls glowed.

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**Who acts:** gloaming, black horseman, eyes · **What happens:** come, reach, become, glow

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This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 14. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (gloaming, black horseman, eyes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg62509:14:138
# text = The gloaming came, and the black horseman reached by: and it at once became dark, but the eyes in the skulls glowed.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	gloaming	gloaming	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	horseman	horseman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	reached	reach	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	parataxis	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obl	_	_
14	at	at	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
15	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	16	advmod	_	_
16	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
17	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
19	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nsubj	_	_
22	in	in	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	skulls	skull	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nmod	_	_
25	glowed	glow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | the gloaming |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **reach** | participle | the black horseman |  |  |  |  | by gloaming | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **become** | past | the black horseman *not said here* |  |  |  |  | dark, once *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **glow** | past | the eyes in the skulls |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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