---
title: He asked all the _boyárs_ and generals, and said: “Is he to be hange… — Russian Folk-Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: He asked all the _boyárs_ and generals, and said: “Is he to be hanged or to be put into a fortress?” Who acts: King. A sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 17, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 17, sentence 67

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He asked all the \_boyárs\_ and generals, and said: “Is he to be hanged or to be put into a fortress?”

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**Who acts:** King · **What happens:** ask, say, be, put · **To what, where:** boyárs, King, fortress · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 17. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (King), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg62509:17:67
# text = He asked all the _boyárs_ and generals, and said: “Is he to be hanged or to be put into a fortress?”
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	6	det:predet	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	boyárs	boyár	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	6	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	generals	general	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
14	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	Is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
16	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
18	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	hanged	hange	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	ccomp	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	23	mark	_	_
22	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	aux:pass	_	_
23	put	put	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	conj	_	_
24	into	into	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	fortress	fortress	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | King | all boyárs and generals |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent boyár=Recipient |
| 2 | **say** *speech: ask* | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present · passive |  | King |  |  |  | hange *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **put** *in a quote* | to-infinitive · passive |  |  |  | a fortress |  |  | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP» |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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