---
title: The Tsar followed after him, swam over the river, leapt and leapt an… — Russian Folk-Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: The Tsar followed after him, swam over the river, leapt and leapt and looked; but the stag had vanished from view, and he had left the hunters far behind, and all around him was the thick dark forest. Who acts: Tsar, stag. A sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 19, with
---

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# Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 19, sentence 20

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The Tsar followed after him, swam over the river, leapt and leapt and looked; but the stag had vanished from view, and he had left the hunters far behind, and all around him was the thick dark forest.

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**Who acts:** Tsar, stag · **What happens:** follow, swim, leapt, look, vanish, leave · **To what, where:** river, view, hunters, thick dark forest

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This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 19. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Tsar, stag), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg62509:19:20
# text = The Tsar followed after him, swam over the river, leapt and leapt and looked; but the stag had vanished from view, and he had left the hunters far behind, and all around him was the thick dark forest.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Tsar	Tsar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	followed	follow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	after	after	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	swam	swim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
8	over	over	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	leapt	leapt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	leapt	leapt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	conj	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	_
18	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	stag	stag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
21	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	vanished	vanish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	parataxis	_	_
23	from	from	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	view	view	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
27	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
28	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	aux	_	_
29	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	22	conj	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	hunters	hunter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	obj	_	_
32	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	33	advmod	_	_
33	behind	behind	ADV	RB	_	29	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	43	punct	_	_
35	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	43	cc	_	_
36	all	all	ADV	RB	_	43	advmod	_	_
37	around	around	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
38	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	43	obl	_	_
39	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	43	cop	_	_
40	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	43	det	_	_
41	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	43	amod	_	_
42	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	43	amod	_	_
43	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | past | the Tsar |  |  |  | after stag |  | vn chase-51.6 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent after he=Theme |
| 2 | **swim** | past |  |  |  | the river |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over river=Trajectory |
| 3 | **leapt** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **leapt** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **look** | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 6 | **vanish** | past · perfect | the stag |  |  | view |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme from view=Initial\_Location |
| 7 | **leave** | past · perfect | stag | the hunters |  |  |  | behind *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hunter=Theme |
| 8 | **is a** | past |  | the thick dark forest |  |  |  | around stag; all *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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