---
title: The old man said to Iván: “Why, Ivánushka, why are you so miserable… — Russian Folk-Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: The old man said to Iván: “Why, Ivánushka, why are you so miserable and hang your head?” Who acts: old man, Iván. A sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 21, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 21, sentence 103

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The old man said to Iván: “Why, Ivánushka, why are you so miserable and hang your head?”

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**Who acts:** old man, Iván · **What happens:** say, be, hang · **To what, where:** Iván, head · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 21. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (old man, Iván), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg62509:21:103
# text = The old man said to Iván: “Why, Ivánushka, why are you so miserable and hang your head?”
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Iván	Iván	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
8	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	Why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	Ivánushka	Ivánushka	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
13	why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	17	advmod	_	_
14	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
15	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
16	so	so	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	miserable	miserable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	parataxis	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	hang	hang	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	conj	_	_
20	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: ask* | past | the old man |  | Iván |  |  | Ivánushka *parataxis* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to iván=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | present | Iván |  |  |  |  | miserable *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **hang** *in a quote* | infinitive | Iván *not said here* | your head |  |  |  |  | vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent head=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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