---
title: They ate them, and they once more became young, and gave him a littl… — Russian Folk-Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: They ate them, and they once more became young, and gave him a little handkerchief, which he need only shake, and a big lake would appear. Who acts: women, Iván, big lake. A sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 23, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every cl
---

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# Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 23, sentence 15

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They ate them, and they once more became young, and gave him a little handkerchief, which he need only shake, and a big lake would appear.

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**Who acts:** women, Iván, big lake · **What happens:** eat, become, give, shake, appear · **To what, where:** apples, little handkerchief, Iván

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This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 23. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (women, Iván, big lake), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg62509:23:15
# text = They ate them, and they once more became young, and gave him a little handkerchief, which he need only shake, and a big lake would appear.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	9	advmod	_	_
8	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	9	advmod	_	_
9	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
10	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
14	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	iobj	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	handkerchief	handkerchief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
19	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	23	obj	_	_
20	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
21	need	need	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
22	only	only	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
23	shake	shake	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
26	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
27	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nsubj	_	_
29	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	30	aux	_	_
30	appear	appear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | past | women *= woman* | apples *= apple* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |
| 2 | **become** | past | women *= woman* |  |  |  |  | once, young *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **give** | past | women *= woman* *not said here* | a little handkerchief | Iván |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient handkerchief=Theme |
| 4 | **shake** | present | Iván | a little handkerchief |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent which=Patient |
| 5 | **appear** | would | a big lake |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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