---
title: The sun was already setting when the sea-bird flew to him, woke him… — Russian Folk-Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: The sun was already setting when the sea-bird flew to him, woke him up and said, “Arise, Iván Tsarévich—all the mares have gone home.” Who acts: sun, sea bird, mares. A sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 24, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 24, sentence 58

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The sun was already setting when the sea-bird flew to him, woke him up and said, “Arise, Iván Tsarévich—all the mares have gone home.”

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**Who acts:** sun, sea bird, mares · **What happens:** set, fly, wake up, say, arise, go · **To what, where:** horse, Iván · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 24. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sun, sea bird, mares), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg62509:24:58
# text = The sun was already setting when the sea-bird flew to him, woke him up and said, “Arise, Iván Tsarévich—all the mares have gone home.”
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	already	already	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	setting	set	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	11	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
11	flew	fly	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
12	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	woke	wake	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
16	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	_
17	up	up	ADP	RP	_	15	compound:prt	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	Arise	arise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	Iván	Iván	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
25	Tsarévich	Tsarévich	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	31	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	29	det:predet	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	mares	mare	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	nsubj	_	_
30	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	31	aux	_	_
31	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	22	advcl	_	_
32	home	home	ADV	RB	_	31	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **set** | past · progressive | the sun |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **fly** | past | the sea bird |  | horse |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to he=Result |
| 3 | **wake up** | past |  | horse |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent he=Patient |
| 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **arise** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | Iván |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location iván=Theme |
| 6 | **go** *in a quote* | present · perfect | all mares |  |  |  |  | home *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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