---
title: But one day Elijah the Prophet and St. Nicholas were passing by his… — Russian Folk-Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: But one day Elijah the Prophet and St. Nicholas were passing by his courtyard, and Elijah glanced up and said: “Why has he built these new granaries? Who acts: Elijah, NICHOLAS. A sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 26, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of ev
---

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# Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 26, sentence 74

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But one day Elijah the Prophet and St. Nicholas were passing by his courtyard, and Elijah glanced up and said: “Why has he built these new granaries?

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**Who acts:** Elijah, NICHOLAS · **What happens:** pass, glance up, say, have, build · **To what, where:** new granaries · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 26. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Elijah, NICHOLAS), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg62509:26:74
# text = But one day Elijah the Prophet and St. Nicholas were passing by his courtyard, and Elijah glanced up and said: “Why has he built these new granaries?
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
2	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl:unmarked	_	_
4	Elijah	Elijah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Prophet	Prophet	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	St.	St.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod:desc	_	_
9	Nicholas	Nicholas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
10	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	passing	pass	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	courtyard	courtyard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	Elijah	Elijah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
18	glanced	glance	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
19	up	up	ADP	RP	_	18	compound:prt	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
23	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	Why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	25	advmod	_	_
25	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	ccomp	_	_
26	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
27	built	build	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	ccomp	_	_
28	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	30	det	_	_
29	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	granaries	granary	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pass** | past · progressive | Elijah and Nicholas  St. |  |  |  | day | by NICHOLAS's courtyard | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme by courtyard=Location |
| 2 | **glance up** | past | Elijah |  |  |  |  |  | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **say** *speech: ask* | past | Elijah *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **have** *in a quote* | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **build** *in a quote* | past | NICHOLAS | this new granaries |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent granary=Product |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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