---
title: It is perfectly true, and the gipsy spoke the truth: “If I had not g… — Russian Folk-Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: It is perfectly true, and the gipsy spoke the truth: “If I had not given him the stirrup!—if I had not only known him! Who acts: stirrup, gipsy. A sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 3, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 3, sentence 171

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It is perfectly true, and the gipsy spoke the truth: “If I had not given him the stirrup!—if I had not only known him!

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**Who acts:** stirrup, gipsy · **What happens:** be, speak, not give, not know · **To what, where:** truth, stirrup, GIPSY · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (stirrup, gipsy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg62509:3:171
# text = It is perfectly true, and the gipsy spoke the truth: “If I had not given him the stirrup!—if I had not only known him!
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	perfectly	perfectly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	gipsy	gipsy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
13	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
15	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
16	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
17	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	18	advmod	_	_
18	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	parataxis	_	_
19	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	iobj	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	stirrup	stirrup	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	29	mark	_	_
25	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
26	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	aux	_	_
27	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	29	advmod	_	_
28	only	only	ADV	RB	_	29	advmod	_	_
29	known	know	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	parataxis	_	_
30	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | stirrup |  |  |  |  | perfectly, true *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | the gipsy | the truth |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **give** *a condition, not said to happen, in a quote* | past · perfect | the gipsy *= gipsy* | the stirrup | GIPSY |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient stirrup=Theme |
| 4 | **not** **know** *a condition, not said to happen, in a quote* | past · perfect | the gipsy *= gipsy* | GIPSY |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer he=Stimulus |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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