---
title: The Cossack was frightened and had no notion what he should do or wh… — Russian Folk-Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: The Cossack was frightened and had no notion what he should do or what should come to him. Who acts: Cossack. A sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 34, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 34, sentence 60

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The Cossack was frightened and had no notion what he should do or what should come to him.

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**Who acts:** Cossack · **What happens:** frighten, have, do, come · **To what, where:** Cossack, notion

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This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 34. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cossack), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg62509:34:60
# text = The Cossack was frightened and had no notion what he should do or what should come to him.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Cossack	cossack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	frightened	frighten	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
7	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	8	det	_	_
8	notion	notion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	12	obj	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
11	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	acl:relcl	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	16	nsubj	_	_
15	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
16	come	come	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	conj	_	_
17	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **frighten** | past · passive |  | the Cossack |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer |
| 2 | **have** | past |  | no notion |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent notion=Patient |
| 3 | **do** | should | Cossack | no notion |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality |
| 4 | **come** | should |  |  | Cossack |  |  | what *nsubj* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to he=Initial\_Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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