---
title: Every morning he drove them into the open field, and every evening d… — Russian Folk-Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: Every morning he drove them into the open field, and every evening drove them back into the royal courtyard; and the Tsarévna sat on the balcony and saw that none of the cows was missing. Who acts: Tsarévich, Tsarévna, none. A sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 38, wi
---

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# Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 38, sentence 108

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Every morning he drove them into the open field, and every evening drove them back into the royal courtyard; and the Tsarévna sat on the balcony and saw that none of the cows was missing.

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**Who acts:** Tsarévich, Tsarévna, none · **What happens:** drive, drive back, sit, see, be · **To what, where:** cows, open field, royal courtyard, balcony · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 38. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Tsarévich, Tsarévna, none), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg62509:38:109
# text = Every morning he drove them into the open field, and every evening drove them back into the royal courtyard; and the Tsarévna sat on the balcony and saw that none of the cows was missing.
1	Every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	_
3	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	drove	drive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	13	det	_	_
13	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl:unmarked	_	_
14	drove	drive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
15	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	obj	_	_
16	back	back	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
17	into	into	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	royal	royal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	courtyard	courtyard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	Tsarévna	Tsarévna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	nsubj	_	_
25	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
26	on	on	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	balcony	balcony	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
30	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	conj	_	_
31	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	37	mark	_	_
32	none	none	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	37	nsubj	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	nmod	_	_
36	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	37	cop	_	_
37	missing	missing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drive** | past | Tsarévich | cows *= cow* |  | the open field | morning |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent they=Theme into field=Trajectory |
| 2 | **drive back** | past | Tsarévich *not said here* | cows *= cow* |  | the royal courtyard | evening |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent they=Theme into courtyard=Trajectory |
| 3 | **sit** | past | the Tsarévna |  |  | the balcony |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on balcony=Location |
| 4 | **see** | past | the Tsarévna *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 5 | **is** | past | none of the cows |  |  |  |  | missing *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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