--- title: First of all the most ancient is that which occurs in the Word of Ig… — Russian Folk-Tales · tree and pragmatics description: First of all the most ancient is that which occurs in the Word of Igor’s Armament, in which the word Koshchéy is used for a warrior of the hostile Pólovtsy; and, when Igor is said to be put on a Koshchéy saddle, it means he is taken into captivity. Who acts: it. A sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg62509/40/66/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Russian Folk-Tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg62509/) / [Opening, part 40](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg62509/40/) / 66 # Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 40, sentence 66 First of all the most ancient is that which occurs in the Word of Igor’s Armament, in which the word Koshchéy is used for a warrior of the hostile Pólovtsy; and, when Igor is said to be put on a Koshchéy saddle, it means he is taken into captivity. **Who acts:** it · **What happens:** be, occur, use, say, put, mean · **To what, where:** Word, Igor, Koshchéy saddle, captivity · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 40. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (it), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg62509:40:66 # text = First of all the most ancient is that which occurs in the Word of Igor’s Armament, in which the word Koshchéy is used for a warrior of the hostile Pólovtsy; and, when Igor is said to be put on a Koshchéy saddle, it means he is taken into captivity. 1 First first ADV RB NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 6 advmod _ _ 2 of of SCONJ IN _ 6 mark _ _ 3 all all DET PDT PronType=Tot 6 det:predet _ _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 5 most most ADV RBS Degree=Sup 6 advmod _ _ 6 ancient ancient ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 0 root _ _ 7 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 cop _ _ 8 that that SCONJ IN _ 10 mark _ _ 9 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 10 nsubj _ _ 10 occurs occur VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 advcl _ _ 11 in in ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 12 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 13 det _ _ 13 Word Word PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 obj _ _ 14 of of ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 15 Igor Igor PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 nmod:poss _ SpaceAfter=No 16 ’s 's PART POS _ 15 case _ _ 17 Armament Armament PROPN NNP Number=Sing 13 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 18 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 19 in in ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 20 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 25 obl _ _ 21 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 22 det _ _ 22 word word NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 nsubj:pass _ _ 23 Koshchéy Koshchéy PROPN NNP Number=Sing 22 appos _ _ 24 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 25 aux:pass _ _ 25 used use VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 13 acl _ _ 26 for for ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 27 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 28 det _ _ 28 warrior warrior NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 obl _ _ 29 of of ADP IN _ 31 case _ _ 30 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 31 det _ _ 31 hostile hostile NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 nmod _ _ 32 Pólovtsy Pólovtsy PROPN NNP Number=Sing 31 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 33 ; ; PUNCT , _ 39 punct _ _ 34 and and CCONJ CC _ 39 cc _ SpaceAfter=No 35 , , PUNCT , _ 39 punct _ _ 36 when when ADV WRB PronType=Int 39 advmod _ _ 37 Igor Igor PROPN NNP Number=Sing 39 nsubj _ _ 38 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 39 aux:pass _ _ 39 said say VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 6 conj _ _ 40 to to PART TO _ 42 mark _ _ 41 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 42 aux:pass _ _ 42 put put VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 39 xcomp _ _ 43 on on ADP IN _ 46 case _ _ 44 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 46 det _ _ 45 Koshchéy Koshchéy PROPN NNP Number=Sing 46 compound _ _ 46 saddle saddle NOUN NN Number=Sing 42 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 47 , , PUNCT , _ 49 punct _ _ 48 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 49 nsubj _ _ 49 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 parataxis _ _ 50 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 52 nsubj _ _ 51 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 52 aux:pass _ _ 52 taken take VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 49 ccomp _ _ 53 into into ADP IN _ 54 case _ _ 54 captivity captivity NOUN NN Number=Sing 52 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 55 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is** | present | | | | | | ancient, first *property* | tree rules | | 2 | **occur** | present | | the Word of Igor's Armament | | | | which *nsubj* | tree rules | | 3 | **use** | present · passive | | the word | | the Word of Igor's Armament | | for a warrior of the hostile | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: subject=Theme for warrior=Eventuality | | 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | present · passive | | Igor | | | | | tree rules | | 5 | **put** | to-infinitive · passive | | | | a Koshchéy saddle | | | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: on saddle=Destination | | 6 | **mean** | present | it | | | | | | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 7 | **take** | present · passive | | Igor | | captivity | | | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme into captivity=Destination | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 65](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg62509/40/65/) - next →: [sentence 67](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg62509/40/67/) - ↑ back to [Opening, part 40](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg62509/40/)