---
title: _ i.e. a translation of _voyevodá_, which is again a translation of… — Russian Folk-Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: _ i.e. a translation of _voyevodá_, which is again a translation of the High-German _Herzog_, which again is derived from the Latin _Dux_, meaning the leader of an army, not a mere title. Who acts: translation, voyevodá. A sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 40, with i
---

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# Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 40, sentence 8

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\_ i.e. a translation of \_voyevodá\_, which is again a translation of the High-German \_Herzog\_, which again is derived from the Latin \_Dux\_, meaning the leader of an army, not a mere title.

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**Who acts:** translation, voyevodá · **What happens:** be, derive, mean, translate · **To what, where:** translation, German Herzog, Latin \_, leader

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This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 40. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (translation, voyevodá), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg62509:40:8
# text = _ i.e. a translation of _voyevodá_, which is again a translation of the High-German _Herzog_, which again is derived from the Latin _Dux_, meaning the leader of an army, not a mere title.
1	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	4	punct	_	_
2	i.e.	i.e.	ADV	FW	_	4	advmod	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	voyevodá	voyevodá	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
12	again	again	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
17	High	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	German	German	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
20	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	Herzog	Herzog	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
24	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	27	nsubj:pass	_	_
25	again	again	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
26	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux:pass	_	_
27	derived	derive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	21	parataxis	_	_
28	from	from	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
30	Latin	Latin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	compound	_	_
31	_	_	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	Dux	Dux	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	31	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
35	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	27	advcl	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	leader	leader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	obj	_	_
38	of	of	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
39	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	army	army	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	45	punct	_	_
42	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	45	advmod	_	_
43	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	45	det	_	_
44	mere	mere	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	45	amod	_	_
45	title	title	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
46	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a translation of voyevodá and a translation | a translation |  |  | again | of the German Herzog | tree rules |
| 2 | **derive** | present · passive |  | the German Herzog |  | the Latin \_ | again |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: subject=Result from \_=Material |
| 3 | **mean** | gerund |  | the leader of a army and a mere title |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leader=Topic |
| 5 | **translate** |  | voyevodá |  |  |  |  |  | nom translation «communication intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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