---
title: Next day the boy said to his new father, “The Nightingale foretells… — Russian Folk-Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: Next day the boy said to his new father, “The Nightingale foretells that a storm is brewing which will break the masts and shatter the sails. Who acts: boy, Nightingale, storm. A sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 6, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of ever
---

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# Russian Folk-Tales, Opening, part 6, sentence 87

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Next day the boy said to his new father, “The Nightingale foretells that a storm is brewing which will break the masts and shatter the sails.

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**Who acts:** boy, Nightingale, storm · **What happens:** say, foretell, brew, break, shatter · **To what, where:** new father, masts, sails · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Opening, part 6. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boy, Nightingale, storm), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg62509:6:87
# text = Next day the boy said to his new father, “The Nightingale foretells that a storm is brewing which will break the masts and shatter the sails.
1	Next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl:unmarked	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	Nightingale	Nightingale	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	foretells	foretell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
15	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	storm	storm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
19	brewing	brew	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	advcl	_	_
20	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	22	nsubj	_	_
21	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	break	break	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	ccomp	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	masts	mast	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obj	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	shatter	shatter	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	conj	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	sails	sail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the boy |  | boy's new father |  | day |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to father=Recipient |
| 2 | **foretell** *in a quote* | present | the Nightingale |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **brew** *in a quote* | present · progressive | a storm |  |  |  |  |  | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **break** *in a quote* | future |  | the masts |  |  |  | which *nsubj* | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer mast=Patient |
| 5 | **shatter** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | the sails |  |  |  |  | vn break-45.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sail=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Russian Folk-Tales» by A. N. Afanas'ev, Project Gutenberg book 62509 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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