---
title: At a second view, I discovered a man in this valley, meagre indeed a… — Oriental tales, for the entertainment of youth · tree and pragmatics
description: At a second view, I discovered a man in this valley, meagre indeed and naked, but his countenance was cheerful, and his deportment active; he kept his eye fixed upon the country before him, and looked as if he would have run, but that he was restrained, as the other had been impelled, by some secret
---

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# Oriental tales, for the entertainment of youth, The Story of Almet, Concluded., sentence 4

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
At a second view, I discovered a man in this valley, meagre indeed and naked, but his countenance was cheerful, and his deportment active; he kept his eye fixed upon the country before him, and looked as if he would have run, but that he was restrained, as the other had been impelled, by some secret influence: sometimes, indeed, I perceived a sudden impression of pain, and sometimes he stepped short, as if his foot was pierced by the asperities of the way; but the sprightliness of his countenance instantly returned, and he pressed forward without appearance of repining or complaint.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** I, countenance, deportment, eye, secret influence, asperities · **What happens:** discover, be, keep, fix, look, run · **To what, where:** man, second view, eye, countenance, other, sudden impression

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «Oriental tales, for the entertainment of youth» by Anonymous, The Story of Almet, Concluded.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, countenance, deportment, eye), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg62868:13:4
# text = At a second view, I discovered a man in this valley, meagre indeed and naked, but his countenance was cheerful, and his deportment active; he kept his eye fixed upon the country before him, and looked as if he would have run, but that he was restrained, as the other had been impelled, by some secret influence: sometimes, indeed, I perceived a sudden impression of pain, and sometimes he stepped short, as if his foot was pierced by the asperities of the way; but the sprightliness of his countenance instantly returned, and he pressed forward without appearance of repining or complaint.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	second	second	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	4	amod	_	_
4	view	view	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	discovered	discover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	12	det	_	_
12	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	meagre	meagre	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
15	indeed	indeed	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	naked	naked	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
19	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
20	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	countenance	countenance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
22	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	cop	_	_
23	cheerful	cheerful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
26	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	deportment	deportment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
28	active	active	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
30	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj	_	_
31	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
32	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	33	nmod:poss	_	_
33	eye	eye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obj	_	_
34	fixed	fix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	31	xcomp	_	_
35	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	_
38	before	before	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
39	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
41	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	42	cc	_	_
42	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
43	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	48	mark	_	_
44	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	48	mark	_	_
45	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	48	nsubj	_	_
46	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	48	aux	_	_
47	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	48	aux	_	_
48	run	run	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	42	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	54	punct	_	_
50	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	54	cc	_	_
51	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	54	mark	_	_
52	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	54	nsubj	_	_
53	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	54	aux:pass	_	_
54	restrained	restrain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
55	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	61	punct	_	_
56	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	61	mark	_	_
57	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	58	det	_	_
58	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	61	nsubj:pass	_	_
59	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	61	aux	_	_
60	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	61	aux:pass	_	_
61	impelled	impel	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	54	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
62	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	66	punct	_	_
63	by	by	ADP	IN	_	66	case	_	_
64	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	66	det	_	_
65	secret	secret	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	66	amod	_	_
66	influence	influence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	61	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
67	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	73	punct	_	_
68	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	73	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
69	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	68	punct	_	_
70	indeed	indeed	ADV	RB	_	73	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
71	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	70	punct	_	_
72	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	73	nsubj	_	_
73	perceived	perceive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	66	conj	_	_
74	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	76	det	_	_
75	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	76	amod	_	_
76	impression	impression	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	73	obj	_	_
77	of	of	ADP	IN	_	78	case	_	_
78	pain	pain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	76	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
79	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	83	punct	_	_
80	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	83	cc	_	_
81	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	83	advmod	_	_
82	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	83	nsubj	_	_
83	stepped	step	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	73	parataxis	_	_
84	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	83	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
85	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	91	punct	_	_
86	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	91	mark	_	_
87	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	91	mark	_	_
88	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	89	nmod:poss	_	_
89	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	91	nsubj:pass	_	_
90	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	91	aux:pass	_	_
91	pierced	pierce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	83	conj	_	_
92	by	by	ADP	IN	_	94	case	_	_
93	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	94	det	_	_
94	asperities	asperity	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	91	obl	_	_
95	of	of	ADP	IN	_	97	case	_	_
96	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	97	det	_	_
97	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	94	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
98	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	101	punct	_	_
99	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	101	cc	_	_
100	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	101	det	_	_
101	sprightliness	sprightliness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	106	nsubj	_	_
102	of	of	ADP	IN	_	104	case	_	_
103	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	104	nmod:poss	_	_
104	countenance	countenance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	101	nmod	_	_
105	instantly	instantly	ADV	RB	_	106	advmod	_	_
106	returned	return	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
107	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	110	punct	_	_
108	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	110	cc	_	_
109	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	110	nsubj	_	_
110	pressed	press	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
111	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	110	advmod	_	_
112	without	without	ADP	IN	_	113	case	_	_
113	appearance	appearance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	110	obl	_	_
114	of	of	ADP	IN	_	115	case	_	_
115	repining	repining	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	113	nmod	_	_
116	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	117	cc	_	_
117	complaint	complaint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	115	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
118	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **discover** | past | I | a man |  | a second view |  | in this valley | vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent man=Topic |
| 2 | **is** | past | valley's countenance |  |  |  |  | cheerful *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | countenance's deportment |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **keep** | past | countenance | countenance's eye |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **fix** | participle | countenance's eye *not said here* |  |  |  | before countenance | upon the country | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 6 | **look** | past | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **run** *a condition, not said to happen* | would · perfect | countenance |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 8 | **restrain** | past · passive |  | countenance |  |  |  |  | vn discourage-64.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |
| 9 | **impel** | past · perfect · passive | some secret influence | the other |  |  |  |  | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 10 | **perceive** | past | I | a sudden impression of pain |  |  |  | indeed, sometimes *property* | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer impression=Stimulus |
| 11 | **step** | past | countenance |  |  |  |  | short, sometimes *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 12 | **pierce** *a condition, not said to happen* | past · passive | the asperities of the way | countenance's foot |  |  |  |  | vn poke-19-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 13 | **return** | past | the sprightliness of countenance's countenance |  |  |  |  | instantly *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 14 | **press forward** | past | countenance |  |  |  |  | without appearance of repining or complaint; forward *property* | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |
| 15 | **impress** |  |  | pain |  |  |  |  | nom impression «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Oriental tales, for the entertainment of youth» by Anonymous, Project Gutenberg book 62868 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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