---
title: And by-and-by, having no other friends, he sought their company, and… — The Yellow Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: And by-and-by, having no other friends, he sought their company, and sat by while they devoured their prey, and they grew to know him, and gave him food. Who acts: snow, friends. A sentence of «The Yellow Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Glass Mountain(16), part 4, with its dependency tree and the pr
---

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# The Yellow Fairy Book, The Glass Mountain(16), part 4, sentence 19

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And by-and-by, having no other friends, he sought their company, and sat by while they devoured their prey, and they grew to know him, and gave him food.

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**Who acts:** snow, friends · **What happens:** have, seek, sit by, devour, grow, know · **To what, where:** other friends, company, prey, snow, food

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This is a sentence of «The Yellow Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Glass Mountain(16), part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (snow, friends), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg640:25:19
# text = And by-and-by, having no other friends, he sought their company, and sat by while they devoured their prey, and they grew to know him, and gave him food.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
2	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	having	have	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	advcl	_	_
9	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	11	det	_	_
10	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
13	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	sought	seek	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	parataxis	_	_
20	by	by	ADP	IN	_	19	obl	_	_
21	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
22	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
23	devoured	devour	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	advcl	_	_
24	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
25	prey	prey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
28	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
29	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	conj	_	_
30	to	to	PART	TO	_	31	mark	_	_
31	know	know	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	29	xcomp	_	_
32	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
34	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc	_	_
35	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	conj	_	_
36	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	35	iobj	_	_
37	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | gerund | snow *not said here* | no other friends |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent friend=Patient |
| 2 | **seek** | past | snow | friends's company |  |  |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent company=Theme |
| 3 | **sit by** | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **devour** | past | friends *= friend* | friends's prey |  |  |  |  | vn devour-39.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent prey=Patient |
| 5 | **grow** | past | friends *= friend* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **know** | to-infinitive | friends *= friend* *not said here* | snow |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer he=Stimulus |
| 7 | **give** | past | friends *= friend* *not said here* | food | snow |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient food=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Yellow Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 640 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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