---
title: Now his way led through a dark wood, and then over some steep cliffs… — The Yellow Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: Now his way led through a dark wood, and then over some steep cliffs, and on the top of these he found a hut or wigwam. Who acts: way. A sentence of «The Yellow Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, In the Land of Souls (21), with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Yellow Fairy Book, In the Land of Souls (21), sentence 19

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Now his way led through a dark wood, and then over some steep cliffs, and on the top of these he found a hut or wigwam.

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**Who acts:** way · **What happens:** lead, find · **To what, where:** dark wood, hut, top

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This is a sentence of «The Yellow Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, In the Land of Souls (21). The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (way), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg640:28:19
# text = Now his way led through a dark wood, and then over some steep cliffs, and on the top of these he found a hut or wigwam.
1	Now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
2	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	led	lead	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	through	through	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
11	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	15	advmod	_	_
12	over	over	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	15	det	_	_
14	steep	steep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	cliffs	cliff	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
18	on	on	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	20	nmod	_	_
23	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	hut	hut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	_
27	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	wigwam	wigwam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | past | thing's way |  |  | a dark wood | now | over some steep cliffs | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent through wood=Destination |
| 2 | **find** | past | way | a hut or wigwam |  | the top of these |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hut=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Yellow Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 640 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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