---
title: It had become quite dark, and Iwanich was forced to wait for dayligh… — The Yellow Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: It had become quite dark, and Iwanich was forced to wait for daylight before continuing his journey. Who acts: leave, Iwanich. A sentence of «The Yellow Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Witch and Her Servants(22), part 2, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Yellow Fairy Book, The Witch and Her Servants(22), part 2, sentence 8

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It had become quite dark, and Iwanich was forced to wait for daylight before continuing his journey.

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**Who acts:** leave, Iwanich · **What happens:** become, force, wait, continue, journey · **To what, where:** Iwanich, journey

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This is a sentence of «The Yellow Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Witch and Her Servants(22), part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (leave, Iwanich), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg640:31:8
# text = It had become quite dark, and Iwanich was forced to wait for daylight before continuing his journey.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	quite	quite	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	Iwanich	Iwanich	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	forced	force	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	parataxis	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	wait	wait	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	daylight	daylight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
15	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
16	continuing	continue	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	advcl	_	_
17	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	journey	journey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | past · perfect | leave |  |  |  |  | dark *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **force** | past · passive |  | Iwanich |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 3 | **wait** | to-infinitive | Iwanich *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for daylight | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **continue** | gerund | Iwanich *not said here* | Iwanich's journey |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent journey=Theme |
| 5 | **journey** |  | Iwanich |  |  |  |  |  | nom journey «act transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Yellow Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 640 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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