---
title: By the permission of his representatives these three African stories… — The Violet Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: By the permission of his representatives these three African stories have here been abridged and simplified for children. Who acts: these, permission. A sentence of «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Violet Fairy Book, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Violet Fairy Book, The Violet Fairy Book, sentence 30

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By the permission of his representatives these three African stories have here been abridged and simplified for children.

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**Who acts:** these, permission · **What happens:** story, abridge, simplify, permit · **To what, where:** representatives

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This is a sentence of «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Violet Fairy Book. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (these, permission), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg641:1:30
# text = By the permission of his representatives these three African stories have here been abridged and simplified for children.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	permission	permission	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	representatives	representative	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
7	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	10	nsubj	_	_
8	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
9	African	African	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
11	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
12	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	14	advmod	_	_
13	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	abridged	abridge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	simplified	simplify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	conj	_	_
17	for	for	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **story** |  | these |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **abridge** | present · perfect · passive | the permission of three's representatives |  |  | here |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **simplify** | participle | the permission of three's representatives *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for children | tree rules |
| 4 | **permit** |  |  | three's representatives |  |  |  |  | nom permission «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 641 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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