---
title: By this time it was pitch dark, and there was only the ray of light… — The Violet Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: By this time it was pitch dark, and there was only the ray of light that streamed through the windows to guide him, and at the sound of his footsteps two dogs began to bark loudly. Who acts: more, ray, sound. A sentence of «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Fairy of the Dawn, part 3, with i
---

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# The Violet Fairy Book, The Fairy of the Dawn, part 3, sentence 34

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By this time it was pitch dark, and there was only the ray of light that streamed through the windows to guide him, and at the sound of his footsteps two dogs began to bark loudly.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** more, ray, sound · **What happens:** be, stream, guide, begin, bark · **To what, where:** ray, windows, Petru

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Fairy of the Dawn, part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (more, ray, sound), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg641:21:34
# text = By this time it was pitch dark, and there was only the ray of light that streamed through the windows to guide him, and at the sound of his footsteps two dogs began to bark loudly.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	pitch	pitch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl:unmarked	_	_
7	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	11	expl	_	_
11	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
12	only	only	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	ray	ray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
17	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	nsubj	_	_
18	streamed	stream	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	acl:relcl	_	_
19	through	through	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	windows	window	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	_
22	to	to	PART	TO	_	23	mark	_	_
23	guide	guide	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	advcl	_	_
24	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc	_	_
27	at	at	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	nsubj	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	32	nmod:poss	_	_
32	footsteps	footstep	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	nmod	_	_
33	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	34	nummod	_	_
34	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	conj	_	_
35	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
36	to	to	PART	TO	_	37	mark	_	_
37	bark	bark	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	35	xcomp	_	_
38	loudly	loudly	ADV	RB	_	37	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | more |  |  |  | time | pitch *obl:unmarked*; dark *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | past | more *not said here* | the ray |  |  |  | of light | tree rules |
| 3 | **stream** | past | the ray |  |  | the windows |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through window=Location |
| 4 | **guide** | to-infinitive | the ray *not said here* | Petru |  |  |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme |
| 5 | **begin** | past | the sound of Petru's footsteps and two dogs |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 6 | **bark** | to-infinitive | the sound of Petru's footsteps and two dogs *not said here* |  |  |  |  | loudly *property* | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 641 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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