---
title: Near him, in the full sunlight, were the traces of a dead fire, and… — The Violet Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: Near him, in the full sunlight, were the traces of a dead fire, and when he drew close to it he saw that what he had taken for ashes was really fine silver dust, and that the half burnt firewood was made of gold. Who acts: friend. A sentence of «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Underground
---

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# The Violet Fairy Book, The Underground Workers, sentence 80

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Near him, in the full sunlight, were the traces of a dead fire, and when he drew close to it he saw that what he had taken for ashes was really fine silver dust, and that the half burnt firewood was made of gold.

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**Who acts:** friend · **What happens:** be, draw, see, take, make · **To what, where:** traces, fine silver dust, half · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Underground Workers. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (friend), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg641:25:80
# text = Near him, in the full sunlight, were the traces of a dead fire, and when he drew close to it he saw that what he had taken for ashes was really fine silver dust, and that the half burnt firewood was made of gold.
1	Near	near	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	traces	trace	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
18	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	20	advmod	_	_
19	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
20	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	advcl	_	_
21	close	close	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	xcomp	_	_
22	to	to	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	obl	_	_
24	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
25	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	parataxis	_	_
26	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	30	mark	_	_
27	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	30	obj	_	_
28	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
29	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	aux	_	_
30	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	25	ccomp	_	_
31	for	for	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	ashes	ash	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	obl	_	_
33	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	37	cop	_	_
34	really	really	ADV	RB	_	35	advmod	_	_
35	fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	37	amod	_	_
36	silver	silver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	compound	_	_
37	dust	dust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	46	punct	_	_
39	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	46	cc	_	_
40	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	46	mark	_	_
41	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	46	nsubj:pass	_	_
43	burnt	burnt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	44	amod	_	_
44	firewood	firewood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	conj	_	_
45	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	46	aux:pass	_	_
46	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	conj	_	_
47	of	of	ADP	IN	_	48	case	_	_
48	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	46	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past |  | friend's traces |  |  |  | of a dead fire | tree rules |
| 2 | **draw** | past | friend |  |  |  |  | close *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **see** | past | friend |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 4 | **take** | past · perfect | friend |  |  |  |  | for ashes | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent what=Theme for ash=Beneficiary |
| 5 | **is a** | past | friend *not said here* | fine silver dust |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **make** | past · passive |  | the half and burnt firewood |  |  |  | of gold | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 641 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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