---
title: It is he!’ and one of them stepping nearer exclaimed, ‘Ah, my old fr… — The Violet Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: It is he!’ and one of them stepping nearer exclaimed, ‘Ah, my old friend! it is a lucky chance that has brought us here. Who acts: sight, one, dwarf. A sentence of «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Headless Dwarfs, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Violet Fairy Book, The Headless Dwarfs, sentence 98

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is he!’ and one of them stepping nearer exclaimed, ‘Ah, my old friend! it is a lucky chance that has brought us here.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** sight, one, dwarf · **What happens:** be, step, exclaim, friend, bring · **To what, where:** dwarf, lucky chance

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This is a sentence of «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Headless Dwarfs. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sight, one, dwarf), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg641:33:98
# text = It is he!’ and one of them stepping nearer exclaimed, ‘Ah, my old friend! it is a lucky chance that has brought us here.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
7	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	19	nsubj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nmod	_	_
10	stepping	step	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	19	csubj	_	_
11	nearer	near	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	12	advmod	_	_
12	exclaimed	exclaim	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
14	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	Ah	ah	INTJ	UH	_	19	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
17	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
18	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
21	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
22	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	lucky	lucky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	chance	chance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
26	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	28	nsubj:pass	_	_
27	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	28	aux	_	_
28	brought	bring	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	acl	_	_
29	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	28	obj	_	_
30	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	28	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	25	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | sight | dwarf |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **step** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **exclaim** *speech: express* | participle |  |  |  |  |  | near *property* | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **friend** |  | one of Hans |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **is a** | present | dwarf | a lucky chance |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **bring** | present · perfect · passive |  | a lucky chance |  | here |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP ADVP»: subject=Theme we=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 641 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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