---
title: And leave having been given, the messengers took workmen and dug up… — The Violet Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: And leave having been given, the messengers took workmen and dug up the gold and made merry with it. Who acts: you, messengers. A sentence of «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Virgilius the Sorcerer, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Violet Fairy Book, Virgilius the Sorcerer, sentence 79

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And leave having been given, the messengers took workmen and dug up the gold and made merry with it.

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**Who acts:** you, messengers · **What happens:** leave, have, give, take, dig up, make · **To what, where:** workmen, gold

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This is a sentence of «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Virgilius the Sorcerer. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, messengers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg641:43:79
# text = And leave having been given, the messengers took workmen and dug up the gold and made merry with it.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	2	cc	_	_
2	leave	leave	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	messengers	messenger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
10	workmen	workman	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	dug	dig	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	_
13	up	up	ADP	RP	_	12	compound:prt	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
18	merry	merry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	xcomp	_	_
19	with	with	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **give** | participle · passive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V» |
| 4 | **take** | past | the messengers | workmen |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent workman=Theme |
| 5 | **dig up** | participle | the messengers *not said here* | the gold |  |  |  |  | vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent gold=Theme |
| 6 | **make** | past | the messengers *not said here* |  |  |  |  | merry *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Violet Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 641 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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