---
title: Overhanging the lakes were the boughs of some of the trees, which we… — The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient · tree and pragmatics
description: Overhanging the lakes were the boughs of some of the trees, which were so large that ships could sail beneath them. Who acts: Overhanging, trees, ships. A sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 1, with its dependency tree and the pragm
---

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# The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient, Opening, part 1, sentence 109

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Overhanging the lakes were the boughs of some of the trees, which were so large that ships could sail beneath them.

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**Who acts:** Overhanging, trees, ships · **What happens:** overhang, be, sail · **To what, where:** lakes, boughs

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This is a sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Overhanging, trees, ships), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg65965:1:117
# text = Overhanging the lakes were the boughs of some of the trees, which were so large that ships could sail beneath them.
1	Overhanging	overhang	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	lakes	lake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	boughs	bough	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
14	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
15	so	so	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	_
17	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
18	ships	ship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	_
19	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
20	sail	sail	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	advcl	_	_
21	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **overhang** | gerund |  | the lakes |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme lake=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | past | Overhanging | the boughs |  |  |  | of some of the trees | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | past | the trees |  |  |  |  | large *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **sail** | could | ships |  |  |  |  | beneath trees *= tree* | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Project Gutenberg book 65965 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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