---
title: Several of the Persian stories are taken from “The Arabian Nights” a… — The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient · tree and pragmatics
description: Several of the Persian stories are taken from “The Arabian Nights” and others, from Persia, India, China and Japan, are adapted from various sources, not least of which is “Gesta Romanorum.” A sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 1, 
---

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# The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient, Opening, part 1, sentence 96

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Several of the Persian stories are taken from “The Arabian Nights” and others, from Persia, India, China and Japan, are adapted from various sources, not least of which is “Gesta Romanorum.”

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**What happens:** take, adapt, be · **To what, where:** Several Persian stories, various sources, Gesta Romanorum

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This is a sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg65965:1:102
# text = Several of the Persian stories are taken from “The Arabian Nights” and others, from Persia, India, China and Japan, are adapted from various sources, not least of which is “Gesta Romanorum.”
1	Several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	Persian	persian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	Arabian	Arabian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	Nights	Night	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	from	from	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	Persia	Persia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	India	India	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	China	China	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	Japan	Japan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux:pass	_	_
27	adapted	adapt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
28	from	from	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	various	various	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	sources	source	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
32	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	33	advmod	_	_
33	least	least	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	39	advmod	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
35	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	33	nmod	_	_
36	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	39	cop	_	_
37	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	Gesta	Gesta	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	39	compound	_	_
39	Romanorum	Romanorum	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | present · passive |  | the Several Persian stories |  |  | from the Arabian Nights and others | Persia and India and China and Japan *parataxis* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: subject=Theme from night=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **adapt** | present · passive |  |  |  | various sources |  |  | vn adjust-26.9 «NP V S\_ING» |
| 3 | **is a** *in a quote* | present |  | Gesta Romanorum |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Project Gutenberg book 65965 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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