---
title: At the very foot of these rocks he perceived an arrow, which, to his… — The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient · tree and pragmatics
description: At the very foot of these rocks he perceived an arrow, which, to his great astonishment, he found to be the same he had shot. Who acts: Prince. A sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 12, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of
---

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# The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient, Opening, part 12, sentence 34

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At the very foot of these rocks he perceived an arrow, which, to his great astonishment, he found to be the same he had shot.

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**Who acts:** Prince · **What happens:** perceive, find, be, shoot, astonish · **To what, where:** arrow, foot, Prince · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 12. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Prince), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg65965:12:34
# text = At the very foot of these rocks he perceived an arrow, which, to his great astonishment, he found to be the same he had shot.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	7	det	_	_
7	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	perceived	perceive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	arrow	arrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
13	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
17	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	astonishment	astonishment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
20	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
21	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
22	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
23	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	cop	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	xcomp	_	_
26	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj:pass	_	_
27	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	28	aux	_	_
28	shot	shoot	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	21	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **perceive** | past | Prince | a arrow and Prince's great astonishment  a arrow and Prince's great astonishment  a arrow |  | the foot of this rocks |  |  | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer arrow=Stimulus |
| 2 | **find** | past | Prince |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | to-infinitive | Prince *not said here* |  |  |  |  | same *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **shoot** | past · perfect · passive |  | Prince |  |  |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 5 | **astonish** |  | Prince |  |  |  |  |  | nom astonishment «feeling transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Project Gutenberg book 65965 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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