---
title: When he returned, the fairy, to whom he always before had appeared w… — The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient · tree and pragmatics
description: When he returned, the fairy, to whom he always before had appeared with a gay countenance, at once observed his melancholy, and asked the cause of the change she perceived in him. Who acts: Ahmed, fairy. A sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Open
---

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# The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient, Opening, part 14, sentence 17

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When he returned, the fairy, to whom he always before had appeared with a gay countenance, at once observed his melancholy, and asked the cause of the change she perceived in him.

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**Who acts:** Ahmed, fairy · **What happens:** return, appear, observe, ask, perceive, cause · **To what, where:** fairy, melancholy, cause, change

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This is a sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 14. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ahmed, fairy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg65965:14:17
# text = When he returned, the fairy, to whom he always before had appeared with a gay countenance, at once observed his melancholy, and asked the cause of the change she perceived in him.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	3	advmod	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	returned	return	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	fairy	fairy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	3	obl	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
11	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	14	advmod	_	_
12	before	before	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
13	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	appeared	appear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	acl:relcl	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	gay	gay	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	countenance	countenance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
20	at	at	SCONJ	IN	_	22	mark	_	_
21	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	22	advmod	_	_
22	observed	observe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	parataxis	_	_
23	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	24	nmod:poss	_	_
24	melancholy	melancholy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	conj	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obj	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	change	change	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nmod	_	_
33	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	nsubj	_	_
34	perceived	perceive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	32	acl:relcl	_	_
35	in	in	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **return** | past | Ahmed | the fairy |  |  |  | whom *obl* | vn convert-26.6.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Patient to whom=Result |
| 2 | **appear** | past · perfect | Ahmed |  |  |  |  | with a gay countenance; always, before *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **observe** | past |  | Ahmed's melancholy |  |  |  | once *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent melancholy=Topic |
| 4 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past |  | the cause of the change |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent cause=Recipient |
| 5 | **perceive** | past | fairy | the change *not said here* |  |  |  | in Ahmed | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer change=Stimulus |
| 6 | **cause** |  |  | the change |  |  |  |  | nom cause «event transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Project Gutenberg book 65965 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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