---
title: Taking some crumbs, he threw them beneath the tree, and the bird fle… — The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient · tree and pragmatics
description: Taking some crumbs, he threw them beneath the tree, and the bird flew down and ate them. Who acts: luncheon, bird. A sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 19, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient, Opening, part 19, sentence 24

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Taking some crumbs, he threw them beneath the tree, and the bird flew down and ate them.

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**Who acts:** luncheon, bird · **What happens:** take, throw, fly down, eat · **To what, where:** crumbs, tree

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This is a sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 19. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (luncheon, bird), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg65965:19:24
# text = Taking some crumbs, he threw them beneath the tree, and the bird flew down and ate them.
1	Taking	take	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
2	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	det	_	_
3	crumbs	crumb	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	threw	throw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
15	flew	fly	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
16	down	down	ADP	RP	_	15	compound:prt	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
19	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | gerund | luncheon *not said here* | some crumbs |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crumb=Theme |
| 2 | **throw** | past | luncheon | crumbs *= crumb* |  | the tree |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent they=Theme beneath tree=Destination |
| 3 | **fly down** | past | the bird |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **eat** | past | the bird *not said here* | crumbs *= crumb* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Project Gutenberg book 65965 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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