---
title: Happening to look toward a burial-ground, he saw that the doors of t… — The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient · tree and pragmatics
description: Happening to look toward a burial-ground, he saw that the doors of the mosque there were open, so here he determined to remain for the night. Who acts: friend, doors. A sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 2, with its dependency tree
---

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# The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient, Opening, part 2, sentence 108

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Happening to look toward a burial-ground, he saw that the doors of the mosque there were open, so here he determined to remain for the night.

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**Who acts:** friend, doors · **What happens:** happen, look, see, be, determine, remain · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (friend, doors), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg65965:2:110
# text = Happening to look toward a burial-ground, he saw that the doors of the mosque there were open, so here he determined to remain for the night.
1	Happening	happen	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	advcl	_	_
2	to	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
3	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	toward	toward	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	burial	burial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	doors	door	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	mosque	mosque	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
18	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	19	expl	_	_
19	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
20	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	so	so	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
23	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	25	advmod	_	_
24	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
25	determined	determine	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
26	to	to	PART	TO	_	27	mark	_	_
27	remain	remain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	xcomp	_	_
28	for	for	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **happen** | gerund | friend *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **look** | to-infinitive | friend *not said here* |  |  |  |  | toward a burial ground | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent toward ground=Theme |
| 3 | **see** | past | friend |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **is** | past | the doors of the mosque |  |  |  |  | open *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **determine** | past | friend |  |  | here |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 6 | **remain** | to-infinitive | friend *not said here* |  |  |  | night |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Project Gutenberg book 65965 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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