---
title: When, therefore, I saw my friend being led to his death, I proclaime… — The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient · tree and pragmatics
description: When, therefore, I saw my friend being led to his death, I proclaimed myself the murderer, hoping thus to take his place. Who acts: I, Friend. A sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 3, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of e
---

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# The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient, Opening, part 3, sentence 15

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When, therefore, I saw my friend being led to his death, I proclaimed myself the murderer, hoping thus to take his place.

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**Who acts:** I, Friend · **What happens:** see, lead, proclaim, hope, take, die · **To what, where:** friend, death, myself, place · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Opening, part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, Friend), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg65965:3:15
# text = When, therefore, I saw my friend being led to his death, I proclaimed myself the murderer, hoping thus to take his place.
1	When	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	3	mark	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
3	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	led	lead	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	ccomp	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	proclaimed	proclaim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
17	myself	myself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	16	obj	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	murderer	murderer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	hoping	hope	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	16	advcl	_	_
22	thus	thus	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
23	to	to	PART	TO	_	24	mark	_	_
24	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	xcomp	_	_
25	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | I |  |  |  |  | therefore *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **lead** | gerund · passive |  | my friend |  | Friend's death |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme to death=Destination |
| 3 | **proclaim** | past | I | myself |  |  |  | the murderer *obj* | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent myself=Theme murderer=Attribute |
| 4 | **hope** | gerund | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  | thus *property* | vn long-32.2 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 5 | **take** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | I *not said here* | Friend's place |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent place=Theme |
| 6 | **die** |  | Friend |  |  |  |  |  | nom death «event intransitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Jade Story Book; Stories from the Orient» by Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, Project Gutenberg book 65965 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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