---
title: And when the lord of the castle heard those tidings he laughed aloud… — Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-Englis… · tree and pragmatics
description: And when the lord of the castle heard those tidings he laughed aloud for gladness, and all men in that keep were joyful that they should be in the company of him to whom belonged all fame, and valour, and courtesy, and whose honour was praised above that of all men on earth. Who acts: lord, men. A s
---

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# Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose, Opening, part 4, sentence 38

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And when the lord of the castle heard those tidings he laughed aloud for gladness, and all men in that keep were joyful that they should be in the company of him to whom belonged all fame, and valour, and courtesy, and whose honour was praised above that of all men on earth.

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**Who acts:** lord, men · **What happens:** hear, laugh, keep, be, belong, praise · **To what, where:** tidings, company, fame, honour, that

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This is a sentence of «Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose» by Jessie L. Weston, Opening, part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lord, men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66084:4:38
# text = And when the lord of the castle heard those tidings he laughed aloud for gladness, and all men in that keep were joyful that they should be in the company of him to whom belonged all fame, and valour, and courtesy, and whose honour was praised above that of all men on earth.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
2	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	lord	lord	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	advcl	_	_
9	those	that	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	10	det	_	_
10	tidings	tiding	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	laughed	laugh	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	aloud	aloud	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	gladness	gladness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
18	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	19	det	_	_
19	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nsubj	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	19	nmod	_	_
22	keep	keep	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	advcl	_	_
23	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	cop	_	_
24	joyful	joyful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	xcomp	_	_
25	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	31	mark	_	_
26	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj	_	_
27	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	31	aux	_	_
28	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	31	cop	_	_
29	in	in	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	xcomp	_	_
32	of	of	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	nmod	_	_
34	to	to	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	36	nsubj	_	_
36	belonged	belong	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	advcl	_	_
37	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	38	det	_	_
38	fame	fame	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	41	punct	_	_
40	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	41	cc	_	_
41	valour	valour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
43	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	44	cc	_	_
44	courtesy	courtesy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	50	punct	_	_
46	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	50	cc	_	_
47	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	48	nmod:poss	_	_
48	honour	honour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	50	nsubj:pass	_	_
49	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	50	aux:pass	_	_
50	praised	praise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	conj	_	_
51	above	above	ADP	IN	_	52	case	_	_
52	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	50	obl	_	_
53	of	of	ADP	IN	_	55	case	_	_
54	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	55	det	_	_
55	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	52	nmod	_	_
56	on	on	ADP	IN	_	57	case	_	_
57	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	55	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
58	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | past | the lord of the castle | that tidings |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer tiding=Stimulus |
| 2 | **laugh** | past | lord |  |  |  |  | for gladness; valour and courtesy *parataxis*; aloud *property* | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **keep** | present | all men in that |  |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** | past | all men in that *not said here* |  |  |  |  | joyful *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **is** | should | men *= man* |  |  | the company |  | of lord | tree rules |
| 6 | **belong** | past |  | all fame |  |  |  | whom *nsubj* | tree rules |
| 7 | **praise** | past · passive |  | honour |  | that of all men on earth |  |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Middle-English Arthurian Romance Retold in Modern Prose» by Jessie L. Weston, Project Gutenberg book 66084 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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