---
title: Fornander says that “every independent chief, and every temple where… — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: Fornander says that “every independent chief, and every temple where human sacrifices were offered, had their own drum and drummer from Laa-mai-Kahiki’s time to the introduction of Christianity.” Who acts: Fornander, independent chief. A sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt,
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, Laa From Tahiti, sentence 43

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Fornander says that “every independent chief, and every temple where human sacrifices were offered, had their own drum and drummer from Laa-mai-Kahiki’s time to the introduction of Christianity.”

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**Who acts:** Fornander, independent chief · **What happens:** say, offer, have, introduce · **To what, where:** human sacrifices, own drum, Christianity · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Laa From Tahiti. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Fornander, independent chief), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:10:43
# text = Fornander says that “every independent chief, and every temple where human sacrifices were offered, had their own drum and drummer from Laa-mai-Kahiki’s time to the introduction of Christianity.”
1	Fornander	Fornander	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
4	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
6	independent	independent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	chief	chief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	det	_	_
11	temple	temple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
12	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	16	advmod	_	_
13	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	sacrifices	sacrifice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj:pass	_	_
15	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	offered	offer	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
18	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
19	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
20	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	drum	drum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	drummer	drummer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	_
24	from	from	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	Laa	Laa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	mai	mai	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	31	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	Kahiki	Kahiki	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	’s	's	PART	POS	_	29	case	_	_
31	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
32	to	to	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	nmod	_	_
35	of	of	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	Christianity	Christianity	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Fornander |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **offer** *in a quote* | past · passive |  | human sacrifices |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **have** *in a quote* | past | every independent chief and every temple | sacrifices's own drum and drummer |  |  | time |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent drum=Patient |
| 4 | **introduce** *in a quote* |  |  | Christianity |  |  |  |  | nom introduction «act transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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