---
title: The Hawaiian traditions have several references to foreigners coming… — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: The Hawaiian traditions have several references to foreigners coming to the islands. Who acts: Hawaiian traditions, foreigners. A sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, First Foreigners, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, First Foreigners, sentence 30

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The Hawaiian traditions have several references to foreigners coming to the islands.

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**Who acts:** Hawaiian traditions, foreigners · **What happens:** have, come · **To what, where:** several references, islands

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, First Foreigners. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hawaiian traditions, foreigners), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:11:30
# text = The Hawaiian traditions have several references to foreigners coming to the islands.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Hawaiian	hawaiian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	traditions	tradition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	references	reference	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	foreigners	foreigner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
9	coming	come	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	islands	island	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the Hawaiian traditions | several references |  |  |  | to foreigners | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent reference=Patient |
| 2 | **come** | gerund | foreigners *not said here* |  |  | the islands |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to island=Initial\_Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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