---
title: The art of sailing long distances by the aid of the stars had fallen… — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: The art of sailing long distances by the aid of the stars had fallen into disuse. Who acts: art. A sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, First Foreigners, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, First Foreigners, sentence 72

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The art of sailing long distances by the aid of the stars had fallen into disuse.

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**Who acts:** art · **What happens:** sail, fall · **To what, where:** long distances, disuse

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, First Foreigners. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (art), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:11:72
# text = The art of sailing long distances by the aid of the stars had fallen into disuse.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	art	art	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	sailing	sail	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
5	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	distances	distance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	aid	aid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
13	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	fallen	fall	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
15	into	into	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	disuse	disuse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sail** | gerund | the art *not said here* | long distances |  |  |  | by the aid of the stars | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme distance=Trajectory |
| 2 | **fall** | past · perfect | the art |  |  |  |  | into disuse *result* | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into disuse=Result |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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