---
title: The king’s utter lack of principle and his knowledge of the characte… — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: The king’s utter lack of principle and his knowledge of the character, of the young king are shown in the way in which he made Kahahana believe in his personal friendship. Who acts: King, Kahahana. A sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, King Kahahana, About 1773, with its d
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, King Kahahana, About 1773, sentence 104

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The king’s utter lack of principle and his knowledge of the character, of the young king are shown in the way in which he made Kahahana believe in his personal friendship.

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**Who acts:** King, Kahahana · **What happens:** show, make, believe, lack · **To what, where:** utter lack, Kahahana, way, personal friendship, principle

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, King Kahahana, About 1773. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (King, Kahahana), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:13:104
# text = The king’s utter lack of principle and his knowledge of the character, of the young king are shown in the way in which he made Kahahana believe in his personal friendship.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	’s	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	utter	utter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	lack	lack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	principle	principle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	character	character	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
19	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux:pass	_	_
20	shown	show	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	27	obl	_	_
26	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
27	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	acl:relcl	_	_
28	Kahahana	Kahahana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	obj	_	_
29	believe	believe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	27	xcomp	_	_
30	in	in	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
31	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	33	nmod:poss	_	_
32	personal	personal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	friendship	friendship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present · passive |  | the king's utter lack of principle and King's knowledge of the character and the young king |  |  |  | in the way | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: subject=Patient in way=Topic |
| 2 | **make** | past | King | Kahahana |  | the way |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **believe** | infinitive | Kahahana *not said here* |  |  | King's personal friendship |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **lack** |  | the king | principle and King's knowledge of the character |  |  |  |  | nom lack «state transitive»: poss=agent of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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