---
title: Broken helmets and tattered feather cloaks lay crushed and trampled… — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: Broken helmets and tattered feather cloaks lay crushed and trampled into the sand. Who acts: Broken helmets, feather cloaks. A sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Alapa Regiment, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, The Alapa Regiment, sentence 192

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Broken helmets and tattered feather cloaks lay crushed and trampled into the sand.

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**Who acts:** Broken helmets, feather cloaks · **What happens:** tatter, lay, crush, trample · **To what, where:** sand

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Alapa Regiment. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Broken helmets, feather cloaks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:14:192
# text = Broken helmets and tattered feather cloaks lay crushed and trampled into the sand.
1	Broken	broken	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	helmets	helmet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	2	cc	_	_
4	tattered	tatter	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	feather	feather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	cloaks	cloak	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	lay	lay	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
8	crushed	crush	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	xcomp	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	trampled	trample	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	_
11	into	into	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tatter** | past | Broken helmets |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **lay** | present | feather cloaks |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **crush** | participle | feather cloaks *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **trample** | participle | feather cloaks *not said here* |  |  | the sand |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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