---
title: But the force around them was continually receiving additions, and a… — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: But the force around them was continually receiving additions, and an overwhelming body of men was slowly crowding over the dead and dying and preparing to crush them by weight of numbers. Who acts: force, overwhelming body. A sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Eight 
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, The Eight of Oahu, sentence 47

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But the force around them was continually receiving additions, and an overwhelming body of men was slowly crowding over the dead and dying and preparing to crush them by weight of numbers.

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**Who acts:** force, overwhelming body · **What happens:** receive, crowd, die, prepare, crush · **To what, where:** additions, dead, men

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Eight of Oahu. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (force, overwhelming body), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:16:47
# text = But the force around them was continually receiving additions, and an overwhelming body of men was slowly crowding over the dead and dying and preparing to crush them by weight of numbers.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	around	around	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nmod	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	continually	continually	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	receiving	receive	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
9	additions	addition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	overwhelming	overwhelming	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	_
17	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
18	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	crowding	crowd	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	parataxis	_	_
20	over	over	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	obl	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	dying	die	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	19	conj	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	preparing	prepare	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	19	conj	_	_
27	to	to	PART	TO	_	28	mark	_	_
28	crush	crush	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	xcomp	_	_
29	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	obj	_	_
30	by	by	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	weight	weight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
32	of	of	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **receive** | past · progressive | the force around men | additions |  |  |  | continually *property* | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent addition=Theme |
| 2 | **crowd** | past · progressive | a overwhelming body of men |  |  | the dead |  | slowly *property* | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme over dead=Destination |
| 3 | **die** | gerund | a overwhelming body of men *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 4 | **prepare** | gerund | a overwhelming body of men *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Agent clause=Attribute |
| 5 | **crush** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | a overwhelming body of men *not said here* | men *= man* |  |  |  | by weight of numbers | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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