---
title: These are the ghosts of the ancestors watching over the place known… — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: These are the ghosts of the ancestors watching over the place known in this earthly life, and the family of which they were the progenitors. Who acts: These, ancestors, family. A sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Red Mouth Gun, with its dependency tree and the pragma
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, The Red Mouth Gun, sentence 64

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These are the ghosts of the ancestors watching over the place known in this earthly life, and the family of which they were the progenitors.

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**Who acts:** These, ancestors, family · **What happens:** be, watch, know · **To what, where:** ghosts, place, earthly life, progenitors

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Red Mouth Gun. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (These, ancestors, family), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:17:64
# text = These are the ghosts of the ancestors watching over the place known in this earthly life, and the family of which they were the progenitors.
1	These	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	ghosts	ghost	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	ancestors	ancestor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
8	watching	watch	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	acl	_	_
9	over	over	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	known	know	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	16	det	_	_
15	earthly	earthly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nsubj	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	26	nsubj	_	_
23	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
24	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	26	cop	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	progenitors	progenitor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | These | the ghosts and the progenitors |  |  |  | of the ancestors | tree rules |
| 2 | **watch** | gerund | the ancestors *not said here* |  |  | the place |  |  | vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent over place=Location |
| 3 | **know** | participle |  | the place *not said here* |  | this earthly life |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **is a** | past | the family | the progenitors |  |  |  | the ghosts and the progenitors *nsubj*; natives *= native* *nsubj* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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