---
title: A copy of these three gospels, bound in an elegant and substantial c… — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: A copy of these three gospels, bound in an elegant and substantial cover, was presented to Ka-pio-lani, the high chiefess who defied Pele on the brink of the pit-crater of Kilauea in 1825. Who acts: high chiefess. A sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, First Hawaiian Printi
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, First Hawaiian Printing, sentence 53

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A copy of these three gospels, bound in an elegant and substantial cover, was presented to Ka-pio-lani, the high chiefess who defied Pele on the brink of the pit-crater of Kilauea in 1825.

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**Who acts:** high chiefess · **What happens:** bind, present, defy, copy · **To what, where:** three gospels, elegant cover, copy, Ka pio lani, Pele, brink

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, First Hawaiian Printing. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (high chiefess), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:20:53
# text = A copy of these three gospels, bound in an elegant and substantial cover, was presented to Ka-pio-lani, the high chiefess who defied Pele on the brink of the pit-crater of Kilauea in 1825.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	copy	copy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
5	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	gospels	gospel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	bound	bind	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
11	elegant	elegant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	substantial	substantial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	_
14	cover	cover	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
16	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
17	presented	present	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
19	Ka	Ka	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	pio	pio	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	lani	lani	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
26	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	chiefess	chiefess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	appos	_	_
28	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	29	nsubj	_	_
29	defied	defy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	acl:relcl	_	_
30	Pele	Pele	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	obj	_	_
31	on	on	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	brink	brink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
36	pit	pit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	36	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	nmod	_	_
39	of	of	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
40	Kilauea	Kilauea	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	38	nmod	_	_
41	in	in	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
42	1825	1825	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bind** | participle |  | this three gospels *not said here* |  | a elegant cover |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **present** | past · passive |  | a copy of this three gospels | Ka pio lani |  |  |  | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: subject=Theme to lani=Recipient |
| 3 | **defy** | past | the high chiefess | Pele |  | the brink of the pit crater of Kilauea |  | in 1825 | tree rules |
| 4 | **copy** |  |  | this three gospels |  |  |  |  | nom copy «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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