---
title: Laws had been made by kings and chiefs as far back as the year 1823. — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: Laws had been made by kings and chiefs as far back as the year 1823. Who acts: kings. A sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The First Constitution, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, The First Constitution, sentence 27

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Laws had been made by kings and chiefs as far back as the year 1823.

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**Who acts:** kings · **What happens:** make · **To what, where:** Laws

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The First Constitution. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (kings), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:21:27
# text = Laws had been made by kings and chiefs as far back as the year 1823.
1	Laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	chiefs	chief	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
9	as	as	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	11	advmod	_	_
11	back	back	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
15	1823	1823	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past · perfect · passive | kings and chiefs | Laws |  |  | year |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Product |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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