---
title: In some places “h” was used, in others “f” and “l” or “r” or “k,” as… — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: In some places “h” was used, in others “f” and “l” or “r” or “k,” as in the Hawaiian word “aloha”—which in other island groups was “alofa” and “aloofa,” “aroha,” “kaoha,” “akaaroa,” all meaning “friendship.” Who acts: other island groups, all. A sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Wes
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, Legendary Home of the Polynesians, sentence 8

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In some places “h” was used, in others “f” and “l” or “r” or “k,” as in the Hawaiian word “aloha”—which in other island groups was “alofa” and “aloofa,” “aroha,” “kaoha,” “akaaroa,” all meaning “friendship.”

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**Who acts:** other island groups, all · **What happens:** use, be, mean · **To what, where:** h, places, alofa, friendship

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Legendary Home of the Polynesians. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (other island groups, all), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:6:8
# text = In some places “h” was used, in others “f” and “l” or “r” or “k,” as in the Hawaiian word “aloha”—which in other island groups was “alofa” and “aloofa,” “aroha,” “kaoha,” “akaaroa,” all meaning “friendship.”
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	det	_	_
3	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
4	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	h	H	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
12	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	f	f	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	l	l	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
20	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	r	r	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	_
23	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	k	k	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	_
28	as	as	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
29	in	in	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
31	Hawaiian	hawaiian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
33	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	34	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	aloha	aloha	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	34	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	41	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	41	nsubj	_	_
38	in	in	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
39	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	41	amod	_	_
40	island	island	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	compound	_	_
41	groups	group	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	nsubj	_	_
42	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	44	cop	_	_
43	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	44	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	alofa	alofa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	44	punct	_	_
46	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	48	cc	_	_
47	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	48	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
48	aloofa	aloofa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
50	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
51	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	52	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
52	aroha	aroha	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	8	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
53	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	52	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
54	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	52	punct	_	_
55	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	56	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
56	kaoha	kaoha	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	52	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
57	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
58	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
59	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	60	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
60	akaaroa	akaaroa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
61	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	60	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
62	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	60	punct	_	_
63	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	64	nsubj	_	_
64	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	parataxis	_	_
65	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	66	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
66	friendship	friendship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	64	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
67	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	66	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
68	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	66	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past · passive |  | h |  | some places |  | in others and f and l or r or k; as the Hawaiian word; akaaroa *parataxis* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | past | other island groups  alofa and aloofa | alofa and aloofa |  |  |  | aloofa *conj* | tree rules |
| 3 | **mean** | gerund | all | friendship |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent friendship=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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