---
title: A number of chiefs, taking long boards, thinned and smoothed by ston… — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: A number of chiefs, taking long boards, thinned and smoothed by stone knives and polished with the rough skin of the shark, swam far out into the ocean. Who acts: chiefs, number. A sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Sons of Kii, with its dependency tree and the pragma
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, The Sons of Kii, sentence 122

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A number of chiefs, taking long boards, thinned and smoothed by stone knives and polished with the rough skin of the shark, swam far out into the ocean.

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**Who acts:** chiefs, number · **What happens:** take, thin, smooth, polish, swim · **To what, where:** long boards, ocean

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Sons of Kii. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (chiefs, number), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:7:122
# text = A number of chiefs, taking long boards, thinned and smoothed by stone knives and polished with the rough skin of the shark, swam far out into the ocean.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	chiefs	chief	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	taking	take	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
7	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	boards	board	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	thinned	thin	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	smoothed	smooth	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	conj	_	_
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	knives	knife	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	polished	polish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	conj	_	_
18	with	with	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
26	swam	swim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
27	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	28	advmod	_	_
28	out	out	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
29	into	into	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	ocean	ocean	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	26	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | gerund | chiefs *not said here* | long boards |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent board=Theme |
| 2 | **thin** | participle |  | long boards *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **smooth** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by stone knives | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **polish** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | with the rough skin of the shark | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with skin=Theme |
| 5 | **swim** | past | a number of chiefs |  |  | the ocean |  | out *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into ocean=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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