---
title: Leaping to his feet he held the body in his hands, balancing himself… — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: Leaping to his feet he held the body in his hands, balancing himself and guiding his frail craft until the wave was about to take its final plunge upon the sand, when he dropped off into the water and carried his burden to the massage or lomilomi women, who by skilful kneading of the body soon resto
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, The Sons of Kii, sentence 150

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Leaping to his feet he held the body in his hands, balancing himself and guiding his frail craft until the wave was about to take its final plunge upon the sand, when he dropped off into the water and carried his burden to the massage or lomilomi women, who by skilful kneading of the body soon restored the injured chief to his friends.

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**Who acts:** other, wave, massage, hand · **What happens:** leap, hold, balance, guide, be, take · **To what, where:** feet, body, hands, other, frail craft, final plunge

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Sons of Kii. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (other, wave, massage, hand), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:7:150
# text = Leaping to his feet he held the body in his hands, balancing himself and guiding his frail craft until the wave was about to take its final plunge upon the sand, when he dropped off into the water and carried his burden to the massage or lomilomi women, who by skilful kneading of the body soon restored the injured chief to his friends.
1	Leaping	leap	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	balancing	balance	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
14	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	13	obj	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	guiding	guide	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	conj	_	_
17	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
18	frail	frail	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	craft	craft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
20	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	24	mark	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	wave	wave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj	_	_
23	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	cop	_	_
24	about	about	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	advcl	_	_
25	to	to	PART	TO	_	26	mark	_	_
26	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	24	xcomp	_	_
27	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	29	nmod:poss	_	_
28	final	final	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	plunge	plunge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obj	_	_
30	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
34	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	36	advmod	_	_
35	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	36	nsubj	_	_
36	dropped	drop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
37	off	off	ADP	RP	_	36	compound:prt	_	_
38	into	into	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obl	_	_
41	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	42	cc	_	_
42	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	36	conj	_	_
43	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	44	nmod:poss	_	_
44	burden	burden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	obj	_	_
45	to	to	ADP	IN	_	47	case	_	_
46	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	47	det	_	_
47	massage	massage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	obl	_	_
48	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	50	cc	_	_
49	lomilomi	lomilomi	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	50	compound	_	_
50	women	woman	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	47	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	60	punct	_	_
52	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	60	nsubj	_	_
53	by	by	ADP	IN	_	55	case	_	_
54	skilful	skilful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	55	amod	_	_
55	kneading	kneading	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	60	obl	_	_
56	of	of	ADP	IN	_	58	case	_	_
57	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	58	det	_	_
58	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	55	nmod	_	_
59	soon	soon	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	60	advmod	_	_
60	restored	restore	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	47	acl:relcl	_	_
61	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	63	det	_	_
62	injured	injured	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	63	amod	_	_
63	chief	chief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	60	obj	_	_
64	to	to	ADP	IN	_	66	case	_	_
65	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	66	nmod:poss	_	_
66	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	63	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
67	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leap** | gerund |  |  |  | other's feet |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme to foot=Destination |
| 2 | **hold** | past | other | the body |  | other's hands |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent body=Theme in hand=Location |
| 3 | **balance** | gerund | other *not said here* | other |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location himself=Theme |
| 4 | **guide** | gerund | other *not said here* | other's frail craft |  |  |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent craft=Theme |
| 5 | **is** | past | the wave |  |  |  |  | about *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **take** | to-infinitive | the wave *not said here* | hand's final plunge |  |  |  | upon the sand | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plunge=Theme |
| 7 | **drop off** | past | other |  |  | the water |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into water=Trajectory |
| 8 | **carry** | past | other *not said here* | other's burden |  | the massage or lomilomi women |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent burden=Theme to massage=Destination |
| 9 | **restore** | past | the massage or lomilomi women | the injured chief | other's friends |  |  | by skilful kneading of the body; soon *property* | vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent chief=Theme to friend=Recipient |
| 10 | **craft** |  | other |  |  |  |  |  | nom craft «act transitive»: poss=agent |
| 11 | **plunge** |  | hand |  |  |  |  |  | nom plunge «act transitive»: poss=agent |
| 12 | **burden** |  | other |  |  |  |  |  | nom burden «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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