---
title: These were made by taking finely polished hardwood for runners, usua… — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: These were made by taking finely polished hardwood for runners, usually about twelve inches apart. A sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Sons of Kii, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, The Sons of Kii, sentence 157

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These were made by taking finely polished hardwood for runners, usually about twelve inches apart.

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**What happens:** make, take, polish · **To what, where:** These, polished hardwood

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Sons of Kii. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:7:157
# text = These were made by taking finely polished hardwood for runners, usually about twelve inches apart.
1	These	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	taking	take	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
6	finely	finely	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	polished	polish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	hardwood	hardwood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	runners	runner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
13	about	about	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	twelve	twelve	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	inches	inch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
16	apart	apart	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past · passive |  | These |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 2 | **take** | gerund |  | polished hardwood |  |  |  | for runners; twelve inches *conj* | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent hardwood=Theme for runner=Beneficiary |
| 3 | **polish** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | finely *property* | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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