---
title: Standing by the mast of the canoe was Nanaulu, a chief of splendid p… — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: Standing by the mast of the canoe was Nanaulu, a chief of splendid physical appearance, about thirty years of age, before whom all the people prostrated themselves as he was carried by. Who acts: people. A sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Sons of Kii, with its depen
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, The Sons of Kii, sentence 80

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Standing by the mast of the canoe was Nanaulu, a chief of splendid physical appearance, about thirty years of age, before whom all the people prostrated themselves as he was carried by.

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**Who acts:** people · **What happens:** stand, be, prostrate, carry · **To what, where:** Nanaulu, canoes, great

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Sons of Kii. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:7:80
# text = Standing by the mast of the canoe was Nanaulu, a chief of splendid physical appearance, about thirty years of age, before whom all the people prostrated themselves as he was carried by.
1	Standing	stand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	mast	mast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	canoe	canoe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	Nanaulu	Nanaulu	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	chief	chief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	splendid	splendid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
15	physical	physical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	appearance	appearance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	about	about	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	thirty	thirty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	20	nummod	_	_
20	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	appos	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
24	before	before	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	29	obl	_	_
26	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	28	det:predet	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	nsubj	_	_
29	prostrated	prostrate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
30	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	29	obj	_	_
31	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	34	mark	_	_
32	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	nsubj	_	_
33	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	aux:pass	_	_
34	carried	carry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	29	advcl	_	_
35	by	by	ADP	IN	_	34	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | past |  | Nanaulu |  |  |  | by the mast of the canoe; a chief of splendid physical appearance *appos* | tree rules |
| 3 | **prostrate** | past | all people | canoes *= canoe* |  |  | before Nanaulu |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **carry** | past · passive |  | great |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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