---
title: Over a hundred chiefs, throwing aside their cloaks and putting on ta… — Hawaiian Historical Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: Over a hundred chiefs, throwing aside their cloaks and putting on tall helmets making the average stature about eight feet and, taking slender, thin paddles, ranged themselves before the king in lines, and then passed through a series of gymnastic exercises, gracefully moving the paddles in exact ha
---

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# Hawaiian Historical Legends, The Sons of Kii, sentence 91

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Over a hundred chiefs, throwing aside their cloaks and putting on tall helmets making the average stature about eight feet and, taking slender, thin paddles, ranged themselves before the king in lines, and then passed through a series of gymnastic exercises, gracefully moving the paddles in exact harmony, at the same time changing their positions, passing in and out between one another, sometimes forming squares, circles and semi-circles.

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**Who acts:** throwing, same time · **What happens:** throw, put, make, take, range, pass · **To what, where:** cloaks, hundred chiefs, tall helmets, average stature, slender thin paddles, paddles

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, The Sons of Kii. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (throwing, same time), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66357:7:91
# text = Over a hundred chiefs, throwing aside their cloaks and putting on tall helmets making the average stature about eight feet and, taking slender, thin paddles, ranged themselves before the king in lines, and then passed through a series of gymnastic exercises, gracefully moving the paddles in exact harmony, at the same time changing their positions, passing in and out between one another, sometimes forming squares, circles and semi-circles.
1	Over	over	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	hundred	hundred	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	chiefs	chief	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	throwing	throw	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	30	csubj:pass	_	_
7	aside	aside	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	cloaks	cloak	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	putting	put	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	conj	_	_
12	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	tall	tall	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	helmets	helmet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
15	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	average	average	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	stature	stature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
19	about	about	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	eight	eight	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	21	nummod	_	_
21	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
24	taking	take	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	_
25	slender	slender	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
27	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	paddles	paddle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
30	ranged	range	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
31	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	30	obj	_	_
32	before	before	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	_
35	in	in	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	34	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
38	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	40	cc	_	_
39	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	40	advmod	_	_
40	passed	pass	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	parataxis	_	_
41	through	through	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
42	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	43	det	_	_
43	series	series	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	obl	_	_
44	of	of	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
45	gymnastic	gymnastic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	46	amod	_	_
46	exercises	exercise	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	43	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	49	punct	_	_
48	gracefully	gracefully	ADV	RB	_	49	advmod	_	_
49	moving	move	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	40	advcl	_	_
50	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	51	det	_	_
51	paddles	paddle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	49	obj	_	_
52	in	in	ADP	IN	_	54	case	_	_
53	exact	exact	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	54	amod	_	_
54	harmony	harmony	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	49	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
55	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	59	punct	_	_
56	at	at	ADP	IN	_	59	case	_	_
57	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	59	det	_	_
58	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	59	amod	_	_
59	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	49	obl	_	_
60	changing	change	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	59	acl	_	_
61	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	62	nmod:poss	_	_
62	positions	position	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	60	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
63	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	64	punct	_	_
64	passing	pass	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	60	conj	_	_
65	in	in	ADV	RB	_	64	advmod	_	_
66	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	67	cc	_	_
67	out	out	ADV	RB	_	65	conj	_	_
68	between	between	ADP	IN	_	69	case	_	_
69	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	64	obl	_	_
70	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	69	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
71	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	73	punct	_	_
72	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	73	advmod	_	_
73	forming	form	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	60	conj	_	_
74	squares	square	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	73	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
75	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	76	punct	_	_
76	circles	circle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	74	conj	_	_
77	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	78	cc	_	_
78	semi-circles	semi-circle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	74	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
79	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	30	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **throw** | gerund |  | chiefs's cloaks |  | hundred chiefs |  | aside *property* | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent cloak=Theme over chief=Destination |
| 2 | **put** | gerund |  |  |  | tall helmets |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent on helmet=Destination |
| 3 | **make** | gerund |  | the average stature |  |  |  | about eight feet | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset stature=Product |
| 4 | **take** | gerund |  | slender thin paddles |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent paddle=Theme |
| 5 | **range** | participle | throwing | paddles *= paddle* |  |  | before the king in lines |  | vn meander-47.7 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location themselves=Theme |
| 6 | **pass** | past |  |  |  | a series of gymnastic exercises | then |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme through series=Location |
| 7 | **move** | gerund |  | the paddles |  | exact harmony | time | gracefully *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent paddle=Theme |
| 8 | **change** | gerund | the same time *not said here* | chiefs's positions |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent position=Patient |
| 9 | **pass** | gerund | the same time *not said here* |  |  |  |  | between one | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme between one=Location |
| 10 | **form** | gerund | the same time *not said here* | squares and circles and semi-circles |  |  |  | sometimes *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location square=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Historical Legends» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66357 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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