---
title: He thus describes the hill: “It was a black frowning crater about on… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: He thus describes the hill: “It was a black frowning crater about one hundred feet high, with a deep gap in the rim on the eastern side from which the course of a current of lava could be distinctly traced.” Who acts: Ellis, hill. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. We
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Pele and Kaha-wali, sentence 43

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He thus describes the hill: “It was a black frowning crater about one hundred feet high, with a deep gap in the rim on the eastern side from which the course of a current of lava could be distinctly traced.”

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**Who acts:** Ellis, hill · **What happens:** describe, frown, be, trace · **To what, where:** hill, black frowning crater, course, eastern side

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pele and Kaha-wali. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ellis, hill), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:10:43
# text = He thus describes the hill: “It was a black frowning crater about one hundred feet high, with a deep gap in the rim on the eastern side from which the course of a current of lava could be distinctly traced.”
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	thus	thus	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	describes	describe	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
7	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
11	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
12	frowning	frown	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	amod	_	_
13	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
14	about	about	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	16	compound	_	_
16	hundred	hundred	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	17	nummod	_	_
17	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl:unmarked	_	_
18	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
20	with	with	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	gap	gap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	rim	rim	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
27	on	on	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
29	eastern	eastern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
31	from	from	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	43	obl	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	course	course	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	43	nsubj:pass	_	_
35	of	of	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	current	current	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	nmod	_	_
38	of	of	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
39	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	nmod	_	_
40	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	43	aux	_	_
41	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	43	aux:pass	_	_
42	distinctly	distinctly	ADV	RB	_	43	advmod	_	_
43	traced	trace	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	30	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | present | Ellis | the hill |  |  |  | thus *property* | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent hill=Theme |
| 2 | **frown** *in a quote* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** *in a quote* | past | hill | a black frowning crater |  |  |  | a deep gap in the rim on the eastern side *appos* | tree rules |
| 4 | **trace** *in a quote* | could · passive |  | the course of a current of lava |  | the eastern side |  | distinctly *property* | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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