---
title: There were also many au-makuas, or ancestor ghost-gods, who were sup… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: There were also many au-makuas, or ancestor ghost-gods, who were supposed to have been sent into the family by incantations and sacrifices. Who acts: many au makuas, incantations. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Genealogy of the Pele Family, with its de
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Genealogy of the Pele Family, sentence 5

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There were also many au-makuas, or ancestor ghost-gods, who were supposed to have been sent into the family by incantations and sacrifices.

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**Who acts:** many au makuas, incantations · **What happens:** be, suppose, send · **To what, where:** many au makuas, family

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Genealogy of the Pele Family. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (many au makuas, incantations), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:13:5
# text = There were also many au-makuas, or ancestor ghost-gods, who were supposed to have been sent into the family by incantations and sacrifices.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	were	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
5	au	au	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	makuas	makua	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
10	ancestor	ancestor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
11	ghost	ghost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	gods	god	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
17	supposed	suppose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl:relcl	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	21	mark	_	_
19	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	aux	_	_
20	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	sent	send	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	xcomp	_	_
22	into	into	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	_
25	by	by	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	incantations	incantation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obl	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	sacrifices	sacrifice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | many au makuas or ancestor ghost gods |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **suppose** | past · passive |  | many au makuas or ancestor ghost gods |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme |
| 3 | **send** | to-infinitive · perfect · passive | incantations and sacrifices |  |  | the family |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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