---
title: Every wicked sprite who twisted vines to make men stumble over preci… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: Every wicked sprite who twisted vines to make men stumble over precipices or fall into deep lava caves was his servant. Who acts: wicked sprite, men. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hiiaka’s Battle With Demons, with its dependency tree and the pragmatic
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Hiiaka’s Battle With Demons, sentence 29

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Every wicked sprite who twisted vines to make men stumble over precipices or fall into deep lava caves was his servant.

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**Who acts:** wicked sprite, men · **What happens:** twist, make, stumble, fall, be · **To what, where:** vines, men, precipices, deep lava caves, servant

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hiiaka’s Battle With Demons. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wicked sprite, men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:16:29
# text = Every wicked sprite who twisted vines to make men stumble over precipices or fall into deep lava caves was his servant.
1	Every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	det	_	_
2	wicked	wicked	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	sprite	sprite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
4	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	twisted	twist	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
6	vines	vine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
9	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
10	stumble	stumble	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	over	over	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	precipices	precipice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	fall	fall	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	conj	_	_
15	into	into	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
17	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	caves	cave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
19	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	cop	_	_
20	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	servant	servant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	21	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **twist** | past | every wicked sprite | vines |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent vine=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive | every wicked sprite *not said here* | men |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **stumble** | infinitive | men *not said here* |  |  | precipices |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over precipice=Trajectory |
| 4 | **fall** | infinitive | men *not said here* |  |  |  |  | into deep lava caves *result* | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into cave=Result |
| 5 | **is a** | past | every wicked sprite | man's servant |  |  |  | man *nmod:poss* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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