---
title: Through a multitude of cracks and holes, out of which poured fumes o… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: Through a multitude of cracks and holes, out of which poured fumes of foul gases, she threaded her way until she stood on the highest plateau of lava the volcano had been able to build. Who acts: Hiiaka, volcano, foul gases. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westerve
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Hiiaka’s Battle With Demons, sentence 4

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Through a multitude of cracks and holes, out of which poured fumes of foul gases, she threaded her way until she stood on the highest plateau of lava the volcano had been able to build.

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**Who acts:** Hiiaka, volcano, foul gases · **What happens:** pour, thread, stand, be, build, fume · **To what, where:** fumes, multitude, way, highest plateau, lava

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hiiaka’s Battle With Demons. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hiiaka, volcano, foul gases), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:16:4
# text = Through a multitude of cracks and holes, out of which poured fumes of foul gases, she threaded her way until she stood on the highest plateau of lava the volcano had been able to build.
1	Through	through	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	multitude	multitude	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	cracks	crack	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	holes	hole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	out	out	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	poured	pour	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	foul	foul	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	gases	gas	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
19	threaded	thread	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	conj	_	_
20	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
22	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	24	mark	_	_
23	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	advcl	_	_
25	on	on	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
27	highest	high	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	28	amod	_	_
28	plateau	plateau	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	nsubj	_	_
33	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	35	aux	_	_
34	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	35	cop	_	_
35	able	able	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	acl:relcl	_	_
36	to	to	PART	TO	_	37	mark	_	_
37	build	build	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	35	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pour** | past |  | fumes of foul gases |  | a multitude of cracks and holes |  | which *nsubj* | vn preparing-26.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fume=Patient |
| 2 | **thread** | past | Hiiaka | Hiiaka's way |  |  |  |  | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent way=Patient |
| 3 | **stand** | past | Hiiaka |  |  | the highest plateau of lava |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on plateau=Location |
| 4 | **is** | past · perfect | the volcano | lava *not said here* |  |  |  | able *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **build** | to-infinitive | the volcano *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 6 | **fume** |  | foul gases |  |  |  |  |  | nom fume «phenomenon intransitive»: of=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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